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AIRCREW - ANNEX I - PART FCL


Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011 AIRCREW : Pilot Licenses
Revision from November 2025

SUBPART J – INSTRUCTORS ( Easy Access )

TABLE OF CONTENT

SECTION 1 – COMMON REQUIREMENTS

FCL.900 Instructor certificates - Regulation (EU) 2019/1747

  1. General. A person shall only carry out:
    1. flight instruction in aircraft when he/she holds:
      1. a pilot licence issued or accepted in accordance with this Regulation;
      2. an instructor certificate appropriate to the instruction given, issued in accordance with this Subpart;
    2. synthetic flight instruction or MCC instruction when he/she holds an instructor certificate appropriate to the instruction given, issued in accordance with this Subpart.
  2. Special conditions:
    1. The competent authority may issue a specific certificate granting privileges for flight instruction when compliance with the requirements established in this Subpart is not possible in the case of the introduction of:
      1. new aircraft in the Member States or in an operator's fleet; or
      2. new training courses in this Annex (Part-FCL).
      Such a certificate shall be limited to the training flights necessary for the introduction of the new type of aircraft or the new training course and its validity shall not, in any case, exceed 1 year.
    2. Holders of a certificate issued in accordance with (b)(1) who wish to apply for the issue of an instructor certificate shall comply with the prerequisites and revalidation requirements established for that category of instructor. Notwithstanding FCL.905.TRI(b), a TRI certificate issued in accordance with this (sub)paragraph will include the privilege to instruct for the issue of a TRI or SFI certificate for the relevant type.
  3. Instruction provided outside the territory of the Member States:
    1. By way of derogation from point (a), in the case of flight instruction provided during a training course approved in accordance with this Annex outside the territory for which Member States are responsible under the Chicago Convention, the competent authority shall issue an instructor certificate to applicants who:
      1. hold a pilot licence that:
        1. complies with Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention;
        2. in any case, is at least a CPL in the relevant aircraft category with a relevant rating or certificate;
      2. comply with the requirements established in this Subpart for the issue of the relevant instructor certificate;
      3. demonstrate to the competent authority an adequate level of knowledge of European aviation safety rules to be able to exercise instructional privileges in accordance with this Annex.
    2. The certificate shall be limited to providing flight instruction during a training course approved in accordance with this Annex which meets all of the following conditions:
      1. it is provided outside the territory for which Member States are responsible under the Chicago Convention;
      2. it is provided to student pilots who have sufficient knowledge of the language in which flight instruction is provided.

FCL.915 General prerequisites and requirements for instructors - Regulation (EU) 2024/2076

  1. General. Applicants for the issue of an instructor certificate shall be at least 18 years of age.
  2. Additional requirements for instructors that provide flight instruction in aircraft. Applicants for the issue of or holders of an instructor certificate with privileges to conduct flight instruction in an aircraft shall:
    1. for licence training, hold at least the licence or, in the case of point FCL.900(c), the equivalent licence, for which flight instruction is to be given;
    2. for a rating training, hold the relevant rating or, in the case of point FCL.900(c), the equivalent rating, for which flight instruction is to be given;
    3. except in the case of flight test instructors (FTIs), have:
      1. completed at least 15 hours of flight time as pilots of the class or type of aircraft on which flight instruction is to be given, of which a maximum of 7 hours may be in an FSTD representing the class or type of aircraft, if applicable; or
      2. passed an assessment of competence for the relevant category of instructor on that class or type of aircraft;
    4. be entitled to act as PIC in the aircraft during such flight instruction; and
    5. when providing flight instruction in a variant of the SEP aeroplane class with a particular type of engine referred to in Article 2, point (8c), of this Regulation, have complied with one of the following conditions:
      1. completed at least 5 hours of flight time as pilots in that variant;
      2. passed an assessment of competence for the relevant category of instructor in that variant.
  3. Credit towards further instructor certificates and for the purpose of revalidation:
    1. Full credit towards the teaching and learning skills may be granted to:
      1. holders of an instructor certificate who apply for further instructor certificates; and
      2. applicants for an instructor certificate who already hold an instructor certificate issued in accordance with Annex III (Part-BFCL) to Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/395 or with Annex III (Part-SFCL) to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1976.
    2. Hours flown as an examiner during skill tests or proficiency checks shall be credited in full towards revalidation requirements for all instructor certificates held.
  4. Credit for extension to further types shall take into account the relevant elements as defined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Annex I (Part-21) to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012 (OSD).
  5. Additional requirements for instructing in a training course in accordance with FCL.745.A:
    1. In addition to (b), before acting as instructors for a training course according to FCL.745.A, holders of an instructor certificate shall:
      1. have at least 500 hours of flight time as pilots of aeroplanes, including 200 hours of flight instruction;
      2. after complying with the experience requirements in point (e)(1)(i), have completed a UPRT instructor training course at an ATO, during which the competence of applicants shall have been assessed continuously; and
      3. upon completion of the course, have been issued with a certificate of course completion by the ATO, whose Head of Training (HT) shall have entered the privileges specified in point (e)(1) in the logbook of the applicants.
    2. The privileges referred to in point (e)(1) shall only be exercised if instructors have, during the last year, received refresher training at an ATO during which the competence required to instruct on a course in accordance with point FCL.745.A is assessed to the satisfaction of the HT.
    3. Instructors holding the privileges specified in point (e)(1) may act as instructors for a course as specified in point (e)(1)(ii), provided that they:
      1. have 25 hours of flight instruction experience during training according to FCL.745.A;
      2. have completed an assessment of competence for this privilege; and
      3. comply with the recency requirements in point (e)(2).
      These privileges shall be entered in the logbook of the instructors and signed by the examiner.

FCL.920 Instructor competencies and assessment - Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011

All instructors shall be trained to achieve the following competences:

  • Prepare resources,
  • Create a climate conducive to learning,
  • Present knowledge,
  • Integrate Threat and Error Management (TEM) and crew resource management,
  • Manage time to achieve training objectives,
  • Facilitate learning,
  • Assess trainee performance,
  • Monitor and review progress,
  • Evaluate training sessions,
  • Report outcome.

FCL.925 Additional requirements for instructors for the MPL - Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011

  1. Instructors conducting training for the MPL shall:
    1. have successfully completed an MPL instructor training course at an ATO; and
    2. additionally, for the basic, intermediate and advanced phases of the MPL integrated training course:
      1. be experienced in multi-pilot operations; and
      2. have completed initial crew resource management training with a commercial air transport operator approved in accordance with the applicable air operations requirements.
  2. MPL instructors training course
    1. The MPL instructor training course shall comprise at least 14 hours of training. Upon completion of the training course, the applicant shall undertake an assessment of instructor competencies and of knowledge of the competency-based approach to training.
    2. The assessment shall consist of a practical demonstration of flight instruction in the appropriate phase of the MPL training course. This assessment shall be conducted by an examiner qualified in accordance with Subpart K.
    3. Upon successful completion of the MPL training course, the ATO shall issue an MPL instructor qualification certificate to the applicant.
  3. In order to maintain the privileges, the instructor shall have, within the preceding 12 months, conducted within an MPL training course:
    1. 1 simulator session of at least 3 hours; or
    2. 1 air exercise of at least 1 hour comprising at least 2 take-offs and landings.
  4. If the instructor has not fulfilled the requirements of (c), before exercising the privileges to conduct flight instruction for the MPL he/she shall:
    1. receive refresher training at an ATO to reach the level of competence necessary to pass the assessment of instructor competencies; and
    2. pass the assessment of instructor competencies as set out in (b)(2).

FCL.930 Training course - Regulation (EU) 2024/2076

  1. An applicant for an instructor certificate shall have completed a course of theoretical knowledge and flight instruction at an ATO.
  2. In addition to the specific elements set out in this Annex (Part-FCL) for each category of instructor, the training course shall contain the elements required in point FCL.920.

FCL.935 Assessment of competence - Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011

  1. Except for the multi-crew cooperation instructor (MCCI), the synthetic training instructor (STI), the mountain rating instructor (MI) and the flight test instructor (FTI), an applicant for an instructor certificate shall pass an assessment of competence in the appropriate aircraft category to demonstrate to an examiner qualified in accordance with Subpart K the ability to instruct a student pilot to the level required for the issue of the relevant licence, rating or certificate.
  2. This assessment shall include:
    1. the demonstration of the competencies described in FCL.920, during pre-flight, post-flight and theoretical knowledge instruction;
    2. oral theoretical examinations on the ground, pre-flight and post-flight briefings and in-flight demonstrations in the appropriate aircraft class, type or FSTD;
    3. exercises adequate to evaluate the instructor's competencies.
  3. The assessment shall be performed on the same class or type of aircraft or FSTD used for the flight instruction.
  4. When an assessment of competence is required for revalidation of an instructor certificate, an applicant who fails to achieve a pass in the assessment before the expiry date of an instructor certificate shall not exercise the privileges of that certificate until the assessment has successfully been completed.

FCL.940 Validity of instructor certificates - Regulation (EU) 2019/1747

With the exception of the MI, and without prejudice to FCL.900(b)(1) and FCL.915(e)(2), instructor certificates shall be valid for a period of 3 years.

FCL.945 Obligations for instructors - Regulation (EU) 2024/2076

Upon completion of the training flight for the revalidation of an SEP aeroplane or TMG class rating in accordance with point FCL.740.A(b)(1)(ii)(C) or for the revalidation of a single-engine helicopter type rating in accordance with point FCL.740.H(a)(2)(ii)(B), and only in the event of fulfilment of all the other revalidation criteria required by point FCL.740.A(b)(1)(ii) or point FCL.740.H(a)(2)(ii), as applicable, the instructor shall endorse the applicant's licence with the new expiry date of the rating, if specifically authorised for that purpose by the competent authority responsible for the applicant's licence.

SECTION 2 – SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR – FI

FCL.905.FI FI – Privileges and conditions - Regulation (EU) 2025/134

The privileges of FIs are to conduct flight instruction for the issue, revalidation or renewal of:

  1. a PPL, LAPL and GPL in the appropriate aircraft category;
  2. class and type ratings for single-pilot aircraft, except for single-pilot high-performance complex aeroplanes;
  3. class and type ratings for single-pilot aeroplanes, except for single-pilot high-performance complex aeroplanes, in multi-pilot operations, provided that FIs meet any of the following conditions:
    1. hold or have held a TRI certificate for multi-pilot aeroplanes;
    2. have completed all of the following:
      1. at least 500 hours as pilots in multi-pilot operations on aeroplanes;
      2. the training course for an MCCI in accordance with point FCL.930.MCCI;
  4. type ratings for single or multi-pilot airships;
  5. a CPL in the appropriate aircraft category, provided that FIs have completed at least 200 hours of flight instruction in that aircraft category;
  6. the night rating, provided that FIs meet all of the following conditions:
    1. are qualified to fly at night in the appropriate aircraft category;
    2. have demonstrated the ability to instruct at night to an FI qualified in accordance with point (j);
    3. comply with the night experience requirement laid down in point FCL.060(b)(2);
  7. a towing or aerobatic rating, provided that such privileges are held and the FI has demonstrated the ability to instruct for that rating to an FI who is qualified in accordance with point (j);
  8. a BIR or an IR in the appropriate aircraft category, provided that FI meets the following conditions:
    1. they have completed as student pilots the IRI training course and have passed an assessment of competence for the IRI certificate;
    2. they comply with points FCL.915.CRI(a), FCL.930.CRI and FCL.935 in the case of multi-engine aeroplanes and with points FCL.910.TRI(c)(1) and FCL.915.TRI(d)(2) in the case of multi-engine helicopters;
    In addition to conditions (1) and (2):
    1. if during an approved training course at an ATO, the FI is providing training in FSTDs or supervising SPIC training flights that take place under IFR, the FI shall have completed at least 50 hours of flight time under IFR after the issuance of the BIR or the IR, of which a maximum of 10 hours may be instrument ground time in an FFS, an FTD 2/3 or an FNPT II;
    2. if the FI is providing training in an aircraft, the FI shall have completed at least 200 hours of flight time under IFR, of which up to 50 hours may be instrument ground time in an FFS, an FTD 2/3 or an FNPT II.
  9. single-pilot multi-engine class or type ratings, except for single-pilot high-performance complex aeroplanes, provided that they meet the following conditions:
    1. in the case of aeroplanes, comply with points FCL.915.CRI(a), FCL.930.CRI and FCL.935;
    2. in the case of helicopters, comply with points FCL.910.TRI(c)(1) and FCL.915.TRI(d)(2);
  10. an FI, an IRI, a CRI, an STI or an MI certificate provided that they meet all of the following conditions:
    1. they have completed at least 500 hours of flight instruction in the appropriate aircraft category;
    2. they have passed an assessment of competence in accordance with point FCL.935 in the appropriate aircraft category to demonstrate to a flight instructor examiner (FIE) the ability to instruct for the relevant certificate;
  11. an MPL, provided that the FIs meet all of the following conditions:
    1. for the core flying phase of the training, have completed at least 500 hours of flight time as a pilot of aeroplanes, including at least 200 hours of flight instruction;
    2. for the basic phase of the training:
      1. hold a multi-engine aeroplane IR and the privilege to instruct for an IR;
      2. have completed at least 1 500 hours of flight time in multi-crew operations;
    3. in the case of FIs already qualified to instruct on ATP(A) or CPL(A)/IR integrated courses, the requirement in point (2)(ii) may be replaced by the completion of a structured course of training consisting of:
      1. MCC qualification;
      2. observation of five sessions of flight instruction in Phase 3 of an MPL course;
      3. observation of five sessions of flight instruction in Phase 4 of an MPL course;
      4. observation of five operator recurrent line-oriented flight training sessions;
      5. the content of the MCCI course.
      In this case, FIs shall conduct their first five instructor sessions under the supervision of a TRI(A), an MCCI(A) or an SFI(A) qualified for MPL flight instruction.

FCL.910.FI FI – Restricted privileges - Regulation (EU) 2025/134

  1. An FI shall have his or her privileges limited to conducting flight instruction under the supervision of an FI for the same category of aircraft nominated by the DTO or the ATO for this purpose, in the following cases:
    1. for the issue of the PPL and LAPL;
    2. in all integrated courses at PPL level, in case of aeroplanes and helicopters;
    3. for class and type ratings for single-pilot, single-engine aircraft, except for single-pilot high-performance complex aeroplanes;
    4. for the night, towing or aerobatic ratings.
  2. While conducting training under supervision, in accordance with (a), the FI shall not have the privilege to authorise student pilots to conduct first solo flights and first solo cross-country flights.
  3. The limitations in (a) and (b) shall be removed from the FI certificate when the FI has completed at least:
    1. for the FI(A), 100 hours of flight instruction in aeroplanes or TMGs and, in addition has supervised at least 25 student solo flights;
    2. for the FI(H) 100 hours of flight instruction in helicopters and, in addition has supervised at least 25 student solo flight air exercises;
    3. for the FI(As), 15 hours or 50 take-offs of flight instruction covering the full training syllabus for the issue of a PPL(As);
    4. for the FI(G):
      1. 100 hours of flight instruction in gyroplanes and, in addition, has supervised at least 25 solo flights;
      2. in the case of an FI(G) who also holds an FI(A) or FI(H) certificate and complies with points (1) or (2), as applicable, 25 hours of flight instruction in gyroplanes and, in addition, has supervised at least 10 student solo flights.

FCL.915.FI FI – Prerequisites - Regulation (EU) 2025/134

An applicant for an FI certificate shall:

  1. in the case of the FI(A), FI(H) and FI(G):
    1. have received at least 10 hours of instrument flight instruction on the appropriate aircraft category, of which not more than 5 hours may be instrument ground time in an FSTD;
    2. have completed 20 hours of VFR cross-country flight on the appropriate aircraft category as PIC; and
  2. additionally, for the FI(A):
    1. hold at least a CPL(A); or
    2. hold at least a PPL(A), or hold an MPL with additional PPL privileges in accordance with point FCL.405.A(b)(1), and have complied with the following conditions:
      1. except for an FI(A) providing training for the LAPL(A) only, passed the CPL theoretical knowledge examination, which may be taken without completing a CPL theoretical knowledge training course and which in that case shall not be valid for: (A) the issue of a CPL; (B) receiving credits for CPL theoretical knowledge in accordance with point FCL.035 and Appendix 1;
      2. completed at least 200 hours of flight time on aeroplanes or TMGs, of which 150 hours as PIC;
    3. have completed at least 30 hours in the class or type of aeroplane used for the FI(A) training course, of which at least 5 hours shall have been completed during the 6 months preceding the pre-entry flight assessment set out in point FCL.930.FI(a);
    4. have completed a VFR cross-country flight as PIC, including a flight of at least 540 km (300 NM) in the course of which full stop landings at 2 different aerodromes shall be made;
  3. additionally, for the FI(H), have completed 250 hours total flight time as pilot on helicopters of which:
    1. at least 100 hours shall be as PIC, if the applicant holds at least a CPL(H); or
    2. at least 200 hours as PIC if the applicant holds at least a PPL(H) and has passed the CPL theoretical knowledge examination, which may be taken without completing a CPL theoretical knowledge training course and which shall not be valid for the issue of a CPL;
  4. additionally, for the FI(G), have completed at least 150 hours of flight time on gyroplanes, of which at least 100 hours as PIC;
  5. for an FI(As), have completed 500 hours of flight time on airships as PIC, of which 400 hours shall be as PIC holding a CPL(As).

SECTION 3 – SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE TYPE RATING INSTRUCTOR – TRI

FCL.905.TRI TRI – Privileges and conditions - Regulation (EU) 2024/2076

  1. The privileges of a TRI are to instruct for:
    1. the revalidation and renewal of an IR, provided the TRI holds a valid IR;
    2. the issue of a TRI or SFI certificate, provided that the holder meets all of the following conditions:
      1. has at least 50 hours of instructional experience as a TRI or SFI in accordance with this Regulation or Regulation (EU) No 965/2012;
      2. has conducted the flight instruction syllabus of the relevant part of the TRI training course in accordance with point FCL.930.TRI(ab)(3) to the satisfaction of the head of training of an ATO;
    3. in the case of the TRI for single-pilot aeroplanes:
      1. the issue, revalidation and renewal of type ratings for single-pilot high-performance complex aeroplanes provided that the applicant seeks privileges to operate in single-pilot operations. The privileges of the TRI(SPA) may be extended to flight instruction for single-pilot high-performance complex aeroplane type ratings in multi-pilot operations, provided that the TRI meets any of the following conditions:
        1. holds or has held a TRI certificate for multi-pilot aeroplanes;
        2. has at least 500 hours on aeroplanes in multi-pilot operations and completed an MCCI training course in accordance with point FCL.930.MCCI;
      2. the MPL course on the basic phase, provided that he or she has the privileges extended to multi-pilot operations and holds or has held an FI(A) or an IRI(A) certificate;
    4. in the case of the TRI for multi-pilot aeroplanes:
      1. the issue, revalidation and renewal of type ratings for:
        1. multi-pilot aeroplanes;
        2. single-pilot high-performance complex aeroplanes when the applicant seeks privileges to operate in multi-pilot operations;
      2. MCC training;
      3. the MPL course on the basic, intermediate and advanced phases, provided that, for the basic phase, he or she holds or has held an FI(A) or IRI(A) certificate;
    5. in the case of the TRI for helicopters:
      1. the issue, revalidation and renewal of helicopter type ratings;
      2. MCC training, provided that he or she has completed 350 hours of flight time as a pilot in multi-pilot operations in any aircraft category.
    6. in the case of the TRI for powered-lift aircraft:
      1. the issue, revalidation and renewal of powered-lift type ratings;
      2. MCC training.
  2. The privileges of a TRI include privileges to conduct EBT practical assessment at an EBT operator, provided that the instructor complies with the requirements of Annex III (Part-ORO) to Regulation (EU) No 965/2012 for EBT instructor standardisation at that EBT operator.

Pour les articles FCL.910.TRI, FCL.915.TRI, FCL.930.TRI et FCL.940.TRI, consulter le site de l'EASA ( Easy Access )

SECTION 4 – SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CLASS RATING INSTRUCTOR – CRI

Consulter le site de l'EASA ( Easy Access ) pour les articles FCL.905.CRI, FCL.915.CRI, FCL.930.CRI et FCL.940.CRI.

SECTION 5 – SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE INSTRUMENT RATING INSTRUCTOR – IRI

Consulter le site de l'EASA ( Easy Access ) pour les articles FCL.905.IRI, FCL.915.IRI, FCL.930.IRI et FCL.940.IRI.

SECTION 6 – SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SYNTHETIC FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR – SFI

Consulter le site de l'EASA ( Easy Access ) pour les articles FCL.905.SFI, FCL.910.SFI, FCL.915.SFI, FCL.930.SFI et FCL.940.SFI.

SECTION 7 – SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MULTI-CREW COOPERATION INSTRUCTOR – MCCI

Consulter le site de l'EASA ( Easy Access ) pour les articles FCL.905.MCCI, FCL.910.MCCI, FCL.915.MCCI, FCL.930.MCCI et FCL.940.MCCI.

SECTION 8 – SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SYNTHETIC TRAINING INSTRUCTOR – STI

Consulter le site de l'EASA ( Easy Access ) pour les articles FCL.905.STI, FCL.910.STI, FCL.915.STI, FCL.930.STI et FCL.940.STI.

SECTION 9 – SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MOUNTAIN RATING INSTRUCTOR – MI

Consulter le site de l'EASA ( Easy Access ) pour les articles FCL.905.MI, FCL.915.MI, FCL.930.MI et FCL.940.MI.

SECTION 10 – SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FLIGHT TEST INSTRUCTOR – FTI

Consulter le site de l'EASA ( Easy Access ) pour les articles FCL.905.FTI, FCL.915.FTI, FCL.930.FTI et FCL.940.FTI.